急需国际贸易论文参考文献

1. 急需国际贸易论文参考文献

有关国际贸易论文参考文献如下：
  
 1、《国际服务贸易》作者李小牧，出版社是电子工业出版社；
   
 2、《国际服务贸易：自由化与规则》作者何茂春，出版社是世界知识出版社；
  
 3、《世界贸易组织与中国对外贸易研究》作者王文举、安广实，出版社是经济日报出版社；
  
 4、《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》、《国际贸易理论与实务》作者贾建华，出版社是首都经济贸易大学出版社；
  
 5、《服务业跨国转移的趋势、影响及对策》作者王子先、王雪坤、杜娟。

2. 国际贸易论文参考文献

 国际贸易论文参考文献
                    　　在现实的学习、工作中，说到论文，大家肯定都不陌生吧，通过论文写作可以培养我们的科学研究能力。如何写一篇有思想、有文采的论文呢？下面是我收集整理的国际贸易论文参考文献，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友！
    
  　　国际贸易论文参考文献 篇1  　　[1]张晓京,张玉喜,赵丽丽,张路蓬.货币危机理论和汇率理论:发散与交融[J].经济研究导刊.2013(05).
  　　[2]唐斌.资本理论的脉络及延展[D].复旦大学,2013.
  　　[3]杨宏.马克思主义消费理论视域下我国老龄消费市场开发研究[D].大连海事大学,2011.
  　　[4]梁茵.构建民营企业和谐劳动关系研究[D].东北师范大学,2011.
  　　[5]黄雯.人和自然关系的探讨:从马克思到当代[D].福建师范大学,2011.
  　　[6]李翀.论进一步推进人民币汇率形成机制改革[J].学术研究.2013(01).
  　　[7]黄先禄.人民币汇率改革路径分析[J].现代商贸工业.2012(22).
  　　[8]陈雨露,侯杰.汇率决定理论的新近发展:文献综述[J].当代经济科学.2005(05).
  　　[9]齐行黎,孙伯良,张志海.从均衡实际汇率理论看我国汇率制度建设[J].渤海大学学报(哲学社会科学版).2005(03).
  　　[10]罗红兰.谈汇率变动对经济的影响[J].山西财税.2005(04).
  　　[11]沈国兵.马克思主义汇率理论与西方经济学汇率理论比较研究[J].福建论坛(经济社会版).2001(05).
  　　[12]黄先禄.汇率理论发展与实践研究[D].中共中央党校2007.
  　　[13]许罕多.新汇率理论[D].吉林大学,2006.
  　　[14]朱宗友.全球化背景下中国特色社会主义道路的选择[D].河南大学,2010.
  　　[15]贾轶.马克思主义经济学历史唯物主义方法及运用研究[D].河南大学,2010.
  　　[16]谢振东.关于交易者心理预期对汇率影响的量化问题探索[D].中共中央党校,2010.
  　　[17]叶莉,林瑞凤.汇率决定的资产组合平衡模型的理论探讨[J].河北工业大学学报.2000(03).
  　　[18]赵文胜,张屹山.货币政策冲击与人民币汇率动态[J].金融研究.2012(08).
  　　[19]赵斌.漫谈从马克思主义的汇率观到人民币升值对我国进出口的影响[J].小学生(教学实践).2012(06).
  　　国际贸易论文参考文献 篇2  　　[1]徐盈之,郭进.开放经济条件下国家碳排放责任比较研究[J].中国人口.资源与环境.2014(01).
  　　[2]赵兴国,潘玉君,王爽,姚辉,崔文芳.云南省耕地资源利用的可持续性及其动态预测——基于“国家公顷”的生态足迹新方法[J].资源科学.2011(03).
  　　[3]任力,黄崇杰.中国对外贸易与碳排放——基于面板数据的分析[J].经济学家.2011(03).
  　　[4]刘华军,闫庆悦.贸易开放、FDI与中国CO2排放[J].数量经济技术经济研究.2011(03).
  　　[5]诸大建.超越增长:可持续发展经济学如何不同于新古典经济学[J].学术月刊.2013(10).
  　　[6]彭水军,张文城,曹毅.贸易开放的结构效应是否加剧了中国的环境污染——基于地级城市动态面板数据的经验证据[J].国际贸易问题.2013(08).
  　　[7]黄娟,田野.产品内分工下中国自由贸易的环境效应——基于联立方程模型的实证分析[J].国际经贸探索.2012(08).
  　　[8]张友国.中国贸易含碳量及其影响因素——基于(进口)非竞争型投入产出表的分析[J].经济学(季刊).2010(04).
  　　[9]陈琰,由黎,赵淳,胡荣华.中国进出口贸易的生态足迹核算[J].资源科学.2010(07).
  　　[10]杨来科,张云.基于环境要素的“污染天堂假说”理论和实证研究——中国行业CO2排放测算和比较分析[J].商业经济与管理.2012(04).
  　　[11]陆旸.从开放宏观的视角看环境污染问题:一个综述[J].经济研究.2012(02).
  　　[12]刘耕源,杨志峰,陈彬.基于能值分析方法的`城市代谢过程研究——理论与方法[J].生态学报.2013(15).
  　　[13]宋树理.马克思国际不平等交换思想的动态博弈新解[J].当代经济研究.2013(05).
  　　[14]严立冬,陈光炬,刘加林,邓远建.生态资本构成要素解析——基于生态经济学文献的综述[J].中南财经政法大学学报.2010(05).
  　　国际贸易论文参考文献 篇3  　　[1]张恒义,刘卫东,王世忠,单娜娜,梁红梅.“省公顷”生态足迹模型中均衡因子及产量因子的计算——以浙江省为例[J].自然资源学报.2009(01).
  　　[2]王闰平,荣湘民.山西省农业生态经济系统能值分析[J].应用生态学报.2008(10).
  　　[3]蔡九菊,王建军,张琦,李广双.钢铁企业物质流、能量流及其对CO2排放的影响[J].环境科学研究.2008(01).
  　　[4]刘遵义,陈锡康,杨翠红,LeonardK.Cheng,K.C.Fung,Yun-WingSung,祝坤福,裴建锁,唐志鹏.非竞争型投入占用产出模型及其应用——中美贸易顺差透视[J].中国社会科学.2007(05).
  　　[5]刘建兴,王青,初道忠,顾晓薇,李广军,梁桂燕.中国三大产业生态足迹的投入产出分析[J].生态环境.2007(02).
  　　[6]毕秀水.我国经济有效增长研究——基于自然资本库兹涅茨曲线的经济学分析[J].东北师大学报.2005(03).
  　　[7]陈艳莹,原毅军.基于自然资本的经济增长可持续条件研究[J].当代经济科学.2003(04).
  　　[8]徐中民,张志强,程国栋,陈东景.中国1999年生态足迹计算与发展能力分析[J].应用生态学报.2003(02).
  　　[9]仇睿,姚俭建.自然资本简论[J].东南学术.2002(01).
  　　[10]李刚.基于可持续发展的国家物质流分析[J].中国工业经济.2004(11).
  　　[11]刘宇辉,彭希哲.基于生态足迹模型的中国发展可持续性评估[J].中国人口.资源与环境.2004(05).
  　　[12]黄玖立,李坤望.出口开放、地区市场规模和经济增长[J].经济研究.2006(06).
  　　[13]杨充霖,文先明.自然资本的起因、含义及问题[J].求索.2006(04).
  　　[14]曹淑艳,谢高地.基于投入产出分析的中国生态足迹模型[J].生态学报.2007(04).
  　　[15]林娅,孙文营.深化自然资本理念与发展循环经济[J].中国人民大学学报.2008(05).
  　　国际贸易论文参考文献 篇4  　　[1]金实.一本书读懂经济学[M].九州出版社,2010年1月.
  　　[2]李毅.中国纺织服装产品可能遭遇的保障措施和几种特保措施比较研究[J].国际贸易问题,2005年,第4期:第105-108页.
  　　[3]乔生.‘特保条款’及其对我国出口贸易的负面评析[J].国际贸易问题,2005年,第5期,第102页.
  　　[4]钱磊.论特保条款中几个主要问题[J].广西政法管理干部学院学报,2005年,第1期,第58页.
  　　[5]华民.西方混合体制[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,1995.
  　　[6]郑秉文.公司治理:美国模式之谜[N].经济观察报,2002-08-12.
  　　[7]李俊江.论代国际贸易方式创新及对我国的经济影响,2003-9-28.
  　　[8]还有许多纸和电视上的新闻,因看的时候没有仔细记录,故现在不能详尽的罗列.
  　　国际贸易论文参考文献 篇5  　　[1]陈策.外国直接投资的国际贸易效应:基于我国行业数据的分析[J].国际贸易问题，2007(3):28-33
  　　[2]陈丽珍，王术文.技术扩散及其相关概念辨析[J].现代管理科学，2005(2):56
  　　[3]黄晓玲. 我国中西部区位优势与吸收外国直接投资类型定位[J]. 国际贸易问题, 2003,(01) .
  　　[4]姚利民 ,唐春宇. 独资与合资方式的技术溢出效果比较[J]. 国际贸易问题, 2005,(10) .
  　　[5]崔到陵,任志成. 外国直接投资与中国人力资本成长的实证分析——以“长三角”为例[J]. 国际贸易问题, 2006,(03) .
  　　[6]平新乔等.外国直接投资对中国企业的溢出效应分析:来自中国第一次全国经济普查数据闭.世界经济，2007(8):3-13
  　　[7]秦晓钟，胡志宝.外商对华直接投资技术外溢效应的实证分析[J].江苏经济探讨，1998(4):47-50
  　　[8]饶燕.知识产权保护对国际技术扩散途径的门槛回归分析[D]].硕士学位论文，浙江工业大学，2007
  　　[9]Cheung, K.Y., Lin P. Spillover effect s of FDI on innovation in China: Evidence from province vincial data [J] .China Economic Review, 2004, 15 (1):25-441.
  　　[10]Hejazi,Walid,Sufarian,Edward.A.Trade,ForeignDirectInvestment,andR&D Spillovers[J] .Journal of International Economics, 1999, 30 (3) :491-511 .
  　　[11]Kokko, A.T. Technology, market characteristics, and spillovers [J] .Journal of Development Studies, 1994, 42 (2) :279-293 .
  　　[12]熊晶晶,史本山. 外商直接投资的技术溢出机理研究[J]. 商业研究, 2006,(22) .
  　　[13]陈涛涛，宋爽.影响外商直接投资行业内溢出效应的政策要素研究[J].金融研究，2005(5):56-66
  　　[14]崔到陵，任志成.外国，[J].国际贸易问题，2006(3):87-93
  　　[15]代谦，别朝霞.外国直接投资、人力资本与经济增长:来自中国的数据[J].经济论坛，2006(4):59-65
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3. 国际贸易论文参考文献

 国际贸易论文参考文献汇总
                    　　论文中参考文献的主要作用为：体现研究的背景，明确研究的基础，提供论证的依据，区分成果的所有，便于读者的.检索，下面是我搜索整理的国际贸易论文参考文献范例，希望对你的论文写作有帮助。
    
  　　 国际贸易论文参考文献一： 
  　　[1] 张恒义，刘卫东，王世忠，单娜娜，梁红梅. “省公顷”生态足迹模型中均衡因子及产量因子的计算--以浙江省为例[J]. 自然资源学报. 2009(01)
  　　[2] 王闰平，荣湘民. 山西省农业生态经济系统能值分析[J]. 应用生态学报. 2008(10)
  　　[3] 蔡九菊，王建军，张琦，李广双. 钢铁企业物质流、能量流及其对CO2排放的影响[J]. 环境科学研究. 2008(01)
  　　[4] 刘遵义，陈锡康，杨翠红，Leonard K.Cheng,K.C.Fung,Yun-Wing Sung,祝坤福，裴建锁，唐志鹏. 非竞争型投入占用产出模型及其应用--中美贸易顺差透视[J]. 中国社会科学. 2007(05)
  　　[5] 刘建兴，王青，初道忠，顾晓薇，李广军，梁桂燕. 中国三大产业生态足迹的投入产出分析[J]. 生态环境. 2007(02)
  　　[6] 毕秀水. 我国经济有效增长研究--基于自然资本库兹涅茨曲线的经济学分析[J]. 东北师大学报. 2005(03)
  　　[7] 陈艳莹，原毅军. 基于自然资本的经济增长可持续条件研究[J]. 当代经济科学. 2003(04)
  　　[8] 徐中民，张志强，程国栋，陈东景. 中国1999年生态足迹计算与发展能力分析[J]. 应用生态学报. 2003(02)
  　　[9] 仇睿，姚俭建. 自然资本简论[J]. 东南学术. 2002(01)
  　　[10] 李刚. 基于可持续发展的国家物质流分析[J]. 中国工业经济. 2004(11)
  　　[11] 刘宇辉，彭希哲. 基于生态足迹模型的中国发展可持续性评估[J]. 中国人口.资源与环境. 2004(05)
  　　[12] 黄玖立，李坤望. 出口开放、地区市场规模和经济增长[J]. 经济研究. 2006(06)
  　　[13] 杨充霖，文先明. 自然资本的起因、含义及问题[J]. 求索. 2006(04)
  　　[14] 曹淑艳，谢高地. 基于投入产出分析的中国生态足迹模型[J]. 生态学报. 2007(04)
  　　[15] 林娅，孙文营. 深化自然资本理念与发展循环经济[J]. 中国人民大学学报. 2008(05)
  　　 国际贸易论文参考文献二： 
  　　[1] 张晓京，张玉喜，赵丽丽，张路蓬. 货币危机理论和汇率理论：发散与交融[J]. 经济研究导刊. 2013(05)
  　　[2] 唐斌. 资本理论的脉络及延展[D]. 复旦大学 2013
  　　[3] 杨宏. 马克思主义消费理论视域下我国老龄消费市场开发研究[D]. 大连海事大学 2011
  　　[4] 梁茵. 构建民营企业和谐劳动关系研究[D]. 东北师范大学 2011
  　　[5] 黄雯. 人和自然关系的探讨：从马克思到当代[D]. 福建师范大学 2011
  　　[6] 李. 论进一步推进人民币汇率形成机制改革[J]. 学术研究. 2013(01)
  　　[7] 黄先禄. 人民币汇率改革路径分析[J]. 现代商贸工业. 2012(22)
  　　[8] 陈雨露，侯杰. 汇率决定理论的新近发展：文献综述[J]. 当代经济科学. 2005(05)
    ;

4. 求2~3篇的关于国际贸易的英文文章~~谢谢

International trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international boundaries or territories.[1] In most countries, it represents a significant share of GDP. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders.

International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally depending on whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or a different culture.

Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of production. Then trade in good and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production. Instead of importing the factor of production a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of production and are thus embodying the respective factor. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor the United States is importing goods from China that were produced with Chinese labor.

International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.

Models
Several different models have been proposed to predict patterns of trade and to analyze the effects of trade policies such as tariffs.

[edit] Ricardian model
Main article: Ricardian model
The Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage and is perhaps the most important concept in international trade theory. In a Ricardian model, countries specialize in producing what they produce best. Unlike other models, the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will fully specialize instead of producing a broad array of goods. Also, the Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a country.

[edit] Heckscher-Ohlin model
Main article: Heckscher-Ohlin model
The Heckscher-Ohlin model was produced as an alternative to the Ricardian model of basic comparative advantage. Despite its greater complexity it did not prove much more accurate in its predictions. However from a theoretical point of view it did provide an elegant solution by incorporating the neoclassical price mechanism into international trade theory.

The theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments. It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce. Empirical problems with the H-O model, known as the Leontief paradox, were exposed in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor intensive goods despite having a capital abundance.

[edit] Specific factors model
In this model, labour mobility between industries is possible while capital is immobile between industries in the short-run. Thus, this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The specific factors name refers to the given that in the short-run specific factors of production, such as physical capital, are not easily transferable between industries. The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the owners of the factor of production specific to that good will profit in real terms. Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of production (i.e. labour and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of labour. Conversely, both owners of capital and labour profit in real terms from an increase in the capital endowment. This model is ideal for particular industries. This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade!

[edit] New Trade Theory
Main article: New Trade Theory
New Trade theory tries to explain several facts about trade, which the two main models above have difficulty with. These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and productivity levels, and the large amount of multinational production (ie foreign direct investment) which exists. In one example of this framework, the economy exhibits monopolistic competition, and increasing returns to scale.

[edit] Gravity model
Main article: Gravity model of trade
The Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models discussed above. The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries' economic sizes. The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two objects. The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric analysis. Other factors such as income level, diplomatic relationships between countries, and trade policies are also included in expanded versions of the model.

[edit] Regulation of international trade
Traditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two nations. For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became paramount. This belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great Britain. In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the GATT and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial.

Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those industries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However, many other countries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The latter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs procedures.

Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of free trade while manufacturing sectors often support protectionism. This has changed somewhat in recent years, however. In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and services.

During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic industries. This occurred around the world during the Great Depression. Many economists have attempted to portray tariffs as the underlining reason behind the collapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the depression.

The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 independent states. The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed largely due to opposition from the populations of Latin American nations. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent years.

[edit] Risks in international trade
The risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups

5. 关于国际贸易的英语论文 急！

Protectionism Doesn't Pay The global financial crisis is no doubt a catalyst for trade protectionism. As the world economy deteriorates, some countries try to boost growth prospects by erecting trade barriers. China calls on these governments not to replay history and revert to protectionism and economic isolationism.

Previous global economic crises were usually accompanied by frequent trade disputes. The United States' erection of large-scale tariffs in 1930, for example, triggered a retaliatory global trade war. During the two oil shocks in the 1970s and 1980s, trade frictions emerged when major economies attempted to increase exports by depreciating their currencies. And in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, there was a notable uptick in antidumping actions, countervailing duties and other protectionist measures.

The financial crisis is now spilling over into the real economy, hitting sectors like manufacturing and services. In almost all countries, factories are closing and unemployment is rising, creating political pressure and social problems. More and more governments are strengthening intervention in their economies under the excuse of 'economic security' and protecting vulnerable domestic industries to curb imports from other countries, especially those in emerging markets.

Trade protectionism differs from legally acceptable measures to protect trade. It is an abuse of remedies provided by multilateral trade rules. This kind of protectionism is morphing into more complex and disguised forms, ranging from conventional tariff and nontariff barriers to technical barriers to trade, industry standards and industry protectionism.

With the economic crisis worsening, caution must be taken even in employing trade protection measures consistent with World Trade Organization rules. At the Group of 20 Financial Summit in November 2008, world leaders called for countries to resist trade protectionism and committed themselves to refraining from erecting new barriers to trade and investment, a message strongly echoed by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit at the end of last year, and the World Economic Forum held in Davos last month.

History tells us that trade protection measures hurt not only other countries, but eventually the country that erected that trade barrier in the first place.

To counter the Great Depression, the U.S. adopted the Smoot-Hawley Act in 1930, which raised import duties of over 20,000 foreign products significantly and provoked protectionist retaliation from other countries. Faced with that crisis, other countries pursued beggar-thy-neighbor policies that slashed global trade volumes from $36 billion in 1929 to $12 billion in 1932. Among the victims, not the least was the U.S. itself, where exports shrank from $5.2 billion in 1929 to $1.2 billion in 1932. Even in the U.S., the Smoot-Hawley Act was widely believed to be a catalyst that aggravated the effects of Great Depression.

Global trade is now in dire straits. Thanks to shrinking external demand caused by the economic crisis, major trading countries have seen their export growth tumble or have suffered huge contractions. Germany's exports dropped 10.6% in November 2008, compared to the same period the prior year -- the highest one-month drop since 1990. China also experienced negative export growth in November, and a 17.5% decline last month, when compared to the prior year. Protectionist policies would make things even worse and the consequences would be hard to predict.

In the heat of the crisis, it's critical that all countries refrain from pointing fingers at each other or pursuing their own interests at the expense of others. The financial crisis reflects a chronic illness resulting from global economic structural imbalance and financial risk accumulation, and there is no quick fix to this malady. The fundamental interest of every country is to step up consultation and cooperation and keep international trade smoothly flowing. Healthy international trade can help revive the world economy. During the Great Depression, the U.S. recovered from its economic woes because the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration implemented the New Deal and shunned protectionism.

Today's unprecedented financial crisis has inflicted a severe impact on China and other countries as well. China's economic growth has slowed, exports have plunged and unemployment pressure has mounted. Yet even so, China still firmly believes that trade protectionism isn't a solution to the world's problems. In 2008, amid a contraction in global trade, China imported $1.133 trillion worth of goods from countries around the world -- an 18.5% increase over the prior year. These imports are boosting the economic development of China's trading partners. Since the crisis broke out, the Chinese government has decisively put forward a series of measures aiming at stimulating domestic demand. Given the size and openness of our country, the growth in China's domestic markets can be translated into greater market potential and investment opportunities for other countries. This year China will continue to increase imports and send buying missions abroad for large-scale purchase of equipment, products and technology.

China has always championed our mutually beneficial opening-up policy and advocated international economic cooperation. We maintain that the Doha Round of global trade negotiations should be taken forward in a way that meets the interests of members and complies with the multilateral trading system already established. China is ready to stand together with all nations in the world to face up to the challenges of today, tackle the financial crisis through cooperation and guide the world economy into a new period of prosperity.
贸易保护主义无法拯救世界经济

对贸易保护主义来说，全球金融危机无疑是一针催化剂。近一时期，随着全球经济形势恶化，一些国家自危、自利、自保倾向抬头。有识之士为此感到忧虑，呼吁各国在出台经济刺激计划时，一定要防止贸易保护主义和经济孤立主义的历史重演。

历次全球经济危机往往都伴随着贸易争端的高发。1930年美国政府大范围提高关税，引发了全球范围报复性贸易战。上世纪七八十年代两次石油危机时，主要国家放任货币贬值以扩大出口的作法引发了贸易摩擦。1997年亚洲金融危机之后，全球反倾销、反补贴和保障措施案件明显增多。



当前，金融危机已蔓延到制造业、服务业等实体经济领域，各国工厂倒闭剧增，失业率上升，政治压力和社会问题接踵而至。越来越多国家以“经济安全”和保护本国虚弱产业为由加强政府对经济的干预，阻挠其他国家特别是新兴国家企业出口。

贸易保护主义不同于正当的贸易保护措施，它是对多边贸易规则中救济措施的滥用。从传统的关税和非关税壁垒，到技术性贸易壁垒、行业标准等，以及产业保护主义，当前贸易保护主义的形式更加复杂多样，隐蔽性更强。在危机加剧的背景下，即使符合WTO规则的保护措施也应慎用，这已成为各国共识。在2008年11月举行的G20金融峰会上，各国领导人同声呼吁抵制贸易保护主义，承诺在未来一年内，避免设置新的贸易和投资壁垒。年底的APEC领导人会议和今年初的世界经济论坛达沃斯年会，再次发出了反对保护主义强音。

历史是一面镜子。任何针对他国的贸易保护举措，不仅会损害对方，最终也会伤及自身。经验告诉我们，大规模的贸易保护措施将使金融危机下本已严峻的经济形势更加困难。

1930年美国为了应对经济危机，颁发了《斯姆特－霍利关税法》，大幅提高超过2万种外国商品的进口关税，结果引起了其他国家的贸易保护主义报复。面对危机，各国以邻为壑，全球贸易总额大幅缩减，从1929年的360亿美元缩小到1932年的120亿美元，美国自身也深受其害，出口总额从1929年的52亿美元左右缩减到1932年的12亿美元。这一法案即使在美国国内也被普遍认为是大萧条加剧的催化剂。

如今全球贸易形势已相当严峻：经济危机导致外需衰退，各主要贸易国的出口增速已急剧下滑，甚至出现大幅萎缩。德国08年11月份出口额较前月大幅下滑10.6%，为1990年以来的最大单月降幅。中国08年11月以来出口连续出现负增长，其中09年1月出口下降了17.5%。如果未来贸易保护主义泛滥，使严峻的形势雪上加霜，造成的后果很难预料。我们应该认真思索，这样的后果世界能否承受，又是否值得承受？

危机当头，重要的是各国携手共克时艰，而非互相指责，以邻为壑。金融危机是全球经济结构失衡、金融风险积聚长期积累的结果，解决问题也不可能一蹴而就。当前加强磋商、增强合作，保持国际贸易渠道畅通，才符合各国的根本利益。国际贸易的健康发展，是推动世界经济复苏的重要力量。当年罗斯福政府实行新政，与贸易保护主义决裂，带领美国经济走出低谷，推动了全球经济的增长。

在这场前所未有的世界金融危机中，中国与其他国家一样都受到严重冲击。去年第三季度以来，经济增速放缓，出口大幅下滑，就业压力加大。即便如此，中国仍坚定认为，贸易保护主义是条死胡同。在全球贸易萎缩的情况下，2008年中国从各国进口11331亿美元的商品，增长18.5％，促进了贸易伙伴的经济发展。危机爆发以来，中国政府果断出台了一系列扩大内需的措施。作为一个开放的大国，中国内需的提升可为其他国家提供更大的市场空间和更多的投资机会。今年，中国将继续扩大进口，积极组织企业采购团，赴海外大规模采购，进口设备、商品和技术。

中国始终奉行互利共赢的开放战略，倡导国际经济合作。我们主张积极推进符合各国利益与多边贸易体制的多哈回合谈判。中国愿与世界各国一道，以开放迎接挑战，以合作应对危机，共克时艰，推动世界经济走向新的繁荣。

6. 急需国际贸易论文参考文献

我的是毕业论文参考文献  很有用
 《国际服务贸易》  李小牧
电子工业出版社
 《国际服务贸易：自由化与规则》
何茂春
  世界知识出版社
 《国际服务贸易》
程宪 程大中
高等教育出版社
 《世界贸易组织与中国对外贸易研究》
王文举 安广实  经济日报出版社
 《国际服务贸易》
汪素芹
 机械工业出版社
 《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》
 《国际贸易理论与实务》贾建华
首都经济贸易大学出版社
 《国际服务贸易发展趋势及动因分析》  刘绍坚
 《国际服务贸易》
张汉林
  对外经济贸易大学
  《服务业跨国转移的趋势、影响及对策》  王子先，王雪坤，杜娟.
 《国际服务贸易》 饶友玲
对外经济贸易大学
 《国际服务贸易》  程宪
立信会计出版社
 《国际服务贸易》 刘东升  中国金融出版社
国家统计局 （www.stats.gov.cn）
 《GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES》
 WTO.International Trade Statistics. 2000

7. 贸易论文参考文献

 贸易论文参考文献
                    　　在学习、工作生活中，许多人都有过写论文的经历，对论文都不陌生吧，论文是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段。如何写一篇有思想、有文采的论文呢？下面是我精心整理的贸易论文参考文献，希望能够帮助到大家。
    
    贸易论文参考文献1    主要参考文献：    [1] 郝红. 景华扬，谈如何在我国建立有效的薪酬激励公有制  辽宁经济职业技术学院 20xx  4，24—25    [2] 井士锌，现代企业的薪酬激励  煤矿现代化  20xx  3    [3] 樊钱涛，如何运用薪酬激励员工  企业人力资源管理  20xx  3  27—28    [4] 王少东，张国霞  建立自助式整体薪酬体系  人力资源  20xx  35—36    [5] 徐晓明，公司管理中的薪酬激励机制  河南化工  20xx  6  45—46    [6] 张涛，如何发挥薪酬激励的持久性  中国人力资源开发  72—74    [7] 程瓯，将员工激励进行到底  人力资源  39—40    [8] 胡盈，交换中的刺激  人力资源  53—54    [9] 董玉森，当前部分国企薪酬激励机制存在的问题和对策研究  中国人力资源开发    [10] 刘颖，走出薪酬激励的困境  通信企业管理20xx  9  56—57    [11] 林新奇，国际人力资源管理  复旦大学出版社    [12] 企业员工管理方法研究组  企业员工激励方法  中国经济出版社     
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    贸易论文参考文献2    　　20xx年我国对外贸易发展依然存在着同20xx年一样的不利因素,为了使20xx年我国对外贸易取得成就,我国在对外贸易发展中有必要采取以下措施.
  　　(一)保持稳定的政治环境
  　　稳定的政治环境对发展对外贸易有着重要影响,20xx年中国对外贸易的发展同样和政治环境密不可分,就目前国际关系分析,中日、中菲领土争端依然是威胁我国政治环境稳定的主要因素,同时也会对双方贸易的发展造成严重阻碍.要使得20xx年对外贸易发展取得突出成就,首先我国政府要在维护国家领土安全的基础上积极发展同日、菲的友好关系,加强双边谈判,力争通过和平方式解决争断,为双边贸易发展创造稳定的政治环境；其次应加强同欧盟等对我国提起反倾销调查的国家有效谈话,防止将经济问题演化为政治问题,以双赢的方式解决贸易问题,争取在较短时期内解决贸易问题,为双边贸易进一步发展提供稳定的环境；再次政府也应当提倡全国人民以理性的方式维护国家安全,杜绝在政治纠纷中有意挑起不必要的争端,损害人民利益和经济发展环境.20xx年对外贸易的稳定增长需要稳定的政治环境,这也是同各个国家友好开展对外贸易的必要条件.
  　　(二)加快产业结构升级
  　　产业结构的合理化调整对于经济的发展是很有必要的,通过产业结构升级提高出口产品的质量,增强出口产品的国际竞争力,是出口产品在激烈的竞争和贸易壁垒盛行的国际市场中可以有效避免不利因素的阻碍.产业结构升级主要是指产业结构的改善和产业素质与效率的提高,产业升级必须依靠技术进步,使产品技术含量增加,将出口产品向技术密集型方向转变,不仅有利于避免贸易壁垒的压制,也可以在激烈的竞争中占据国际市场的一定份额.而产业结构的调整主要应致力于提高产品质量和效益,使我国经济的发展更多依靠战略性新兴产业和现代服务业带动,以及科技进步、循环经济和节约资源的推动,即在加快传统产业转型升级,不断提高传统产业创新能力的同时推动战略性新兴产业、先进制造业健康发展.通过产业结构调整,提高产业技术水平和创新能力,改变高端产品供给不足、产品附加值低的状况,提升产业整体素质,使得生产要素得到优化组合、技术水平和管理水平以及产品质量不断提高.同时我国贸易的改善还应当顺应国际经济发展主流思想,即促进绿色低碳经济的发展,加大环保产业贸易的发展,提高资源利用效率,不断促进产业发展模式向绿色低碳、清洁安全转变,增强我国产业的'竞争力.
  　　(三)稳步推进人民币汇率改革
  　　由于人民币汇率的不断波动,且近几年呈现不断上升趋势,这对于我国经济发展总体上是弊大于利的,我国实行的“以市场供求为基础、参考一揽子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度”,对于我国经济长期稳定的发展也存在不利影响.我国应积极稳妥地推进人民币汇率形成机制改革,因势利导、趋利避害,力求使可能发生的负面影响最小化,坚持以我为主,使人民币汇率的有序浮动符合我国经济基本面和宏观调控的需要.除此之外还应加强本外币政策的协调,充分发挥汇率在平衡国际收支、抵御国际资本流动冲击方面的作用,以适应对外开放和经济全球化的要求.我国在人民币汇率改革中应综合考虑我国的经济需求和同贸易国之间的经济利益,是经济和贸易发展实现双赢.
  　　(四)继续扩大内需,减少出口依存度
  　　经济增长有“三驾马车”,即扩大国内投资,刺激国内消费和扩大外贸出口.扩大内需主要是通过扩大国内投资和国内消费来带动国民经济增长.随着国际局势的日益紧张,20xx年我国经济的发展仍然要依赖于内需,减少出口的依存度,而内需的扩大不仅要解决国内就业再就业问题,还要继续实施积极的财政政策,努力发挥货币政策的作用,配合运用税收,价格等经济杠杆,全力解决有效内需不足的矛盾,并且合理适当提高社会保障水平,提高在职人员工资,调整消费政策,优化消费环境,培育消费热点,更新消费观念,千方百计的刺激消费,拉动经济增长.同时开拓农村市场,刺激假日经济,调整限制消费的税费政策等.促进人们思想观念的转变,加强对人们经济消费的引导.完善分配制度,处理好效率与公平之间的关系,缩小贫富差距.同时,政府要采取有效措施,进行各种配套改革,积极培育、扩大国内消费市场,鼓励投资,尤其是民间投资,重点扶持有核心竞争力的企业.
  　　(五) 贸易伙伴国向多元化方向发展
  　　据目前中日等国家争端形势判断,20xx年这种不断升温的领土争端及贸易壁垒限制,使20xx年对外贸易的发展依然存在着同20xx年同样的威胁.随着国际竞争的日趋激烈和尚未平息的各种争端,20xx年对外贸易的发展应转变以往主要贸易伙伴国稳定不变的局势,顺应着新型国家不断崛起且快速发展的形势我国应将贸易伙伴国向多方发展,扩大贸易地理范围,逐步摆脱以发达国家和地区占据主要贸易地位的现状,是我国对外贸易在尚未缓和的国际关系中得到回升,免受争端影响,是经济发展更能顺应全球化这把“双刃剑”.
    贸易论文参考文献3    　　 参考文献 
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  　　[5] 华民.西方混合体制[M].上海：复旦大学出版社，1995.
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  　　[8] 还有许多纸和电视上的新闻，因看的时候没有仔细记录，故现在不能详尽的罗列。
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  　　[4] 刘遵义，陈锡康，杨翠红，Leonard K.Cheng,K.C.Fung,Yun-Wing Sung,祝坤福，裴建锁，唐志鹏. 非竞争型投入占用产出模型及其应用--中美贸易顺差透视[J]. 中国社会科学. 20xx(05)
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    ;

8. 求助两篇关于经济贸易的外文文献

提供一些关于经济贸易的外文文献，供写作参考。

[1] Chichilmisky, G. North-South Trade and the Global Environment .American Economics Review, 1994,9, 9 :851-874 . 
 
[2] Xu X P. Do Stringent Environmental Paegulations Reduce the International Competitiveness of Environmentally Sensitive Goods?A Global Perspective[J] .World Development, 1999,27, 27 (7) :1215～1226 . 
 
[3] Grehter, J.M, and Melo, J D. Globalization and Dirty Industries: Do Pollution Havens Matter? .CEPR discussion paper No.3932. 2003, . 
 
[4] Muradian R, ,O’Connor M, Martinez-Alier J. Embodied pollution in trade: estimating the ‘environmental load displacement’ of industrialized countries [J] .Ecological Economics, 2002,41, 41 (1) :51-67 . 
 
[5] Rauscher, Michael. International Trade, Factor Movement, and the Environment .Clarendon Press, 1997, . 
 
[6] Rauscher.M. On ecological dumping[M] .Oxford Economics Paper 46. 1994, :822-840 . 
 
[7] Daniel C .Esty, Damien Geradin. Environmental protection and international competitiveness, A conceptual framework [J] .Journal of World trade. 1998, :3 . 
 
[8] Porter,Van der Linde. Green and competitive : Ending the stalemate[M] .Harvard Business Review, 1995, (9.10) :120-134 . 
 
[9] Xing, Y , Kolstad. C. Do Lax Environmental Regulations Attract Foreign Investment? [J] .Environmental and Resource Economics, 2002, (21) :1-22 . 
 
[10] Robinson D. Industrial pollution abatement: the impact on balance of trade[J] .Can. J. Econ, 1988,21, 21 (1) .